This paper aims to address the obstacles of accession of Turkey to the European Union (EU). For this the paper discusses some obstacles in the way of Turkey's application to accede to the European Union that have caused delay in its membership in EU. The paper explains all the efforts that Turkey has made to achieve this goal, on one hand. On the other hand, considering all existing obstacles, it discusses why this goal has not achieved. According to the paper's findings, Turkey faces ten structural as well as political obstacles including: the progress of Human rights, the development of real democracy, the rights of ethnic and religious minorities, as well as other important issues. It seems that this country is far beyond ideals of European Union and has a long way to go.

Nearly a third of the global burden of disease require availability of surgical and anesthetic services. However, five billion people currently lack access to safe, affordable surgical and anesthesia care. Each year, appendicitis, hernia, open fracture and other common, treatable surgical diseases result in millions of disabilities and deaths. This is in part due to lack of political will, financial resource allocation, and relevant policy measures. To address these glaring needs, the lancet Commission on global surgery (LCoGS) was formed to identify the barriers to access of surgical and anesthesia care, and the current state of these services worldwide. Additionally, its purpose was to identify opportunities for improvement and development to provide safe surgery in low-income and middle-income settings. To address the needs of surgical and anesthesia services LCoGS created 5 key messages, a set of 6 core surgical system indicators, and a health system strengthening framework for national surgical care planning. These key outputs of the Commission highlighted that a widespread expansion of surgical care improves overall health and welfare of populations and improved economic returns. The findings were published as a report in the spring of 2015 to facilitate increased surgical care access that was safe, affordable, and cost-effective particularly for low-income and middle-income countries. In this review article, we summarize this seminal report and ldquo; global surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development and rdquo; published in the Lancet 2015.

In this study having focused on the evaluation of different roles of income and non-income factors on promoting happiness in EU countries, it is shown that income increase can only cause happiness promotion up to a particular critical point which, in its own turn is also decided by non-income factors. However, when the critical income point is reached extra increase in income may lead to Pareto inefficient allocations, and thereupon to people happiness decrease. The main goals of this study are the following: Determining a social comparison rate between income and happiness in different countries of the European Union and estimating their respective equations of the critical income level. The pattern under study has been estimated using the non-linear least squared method for the period of 2001 to 2010. The results indicate positive and significant effects of some specific factors such as personal income, hope, rule of law and political stability and also negative and equally significant effect of some others such as number of patients suffering from HIV, number of people with incomes lower than 60% of the society average income on happiness. On the other hand, these results take society s relative income in to consideration as well. The study s calculation also shows that all of the member countries in the European Union are placed on the upper happiness limit.

In this cross-sectional study, cases with medical negligence sues which referred to LMO in 1376 were analyzed. Cause of sueing, type of negligence and speciallity were analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed that 60% of plaintiff were male, 80% of cases were from non-Academic and prirate centers, in 50% of cases the defender dropped the case (80% of them were from private centers), and the most common speciallities were general surgery, general practitioners and preclinical speciallities. At the end some suggestions were offered.

The nature and roots of European integration as one of the most successful models of post-integration after World War II، Due to its role in reducing conflict and the spread of peace between European countries، and because of the importance and role of the European Union in the current international system، It has always been a matter of interest from scholars and political theorists. Although various national، regional، and international variables were effective in the post-war European integration، the variable that we referred to in this article was the role of identity components in expanding cooperation and integration between European countries. The main question of this study is how does European integration create a European identity and promote peace in post-war Europe? The research hypothesis is that the European Union has been a project to save European countries based on Mythology and antagonism. The findings of the research show that European identity is a political and discursive and the result of the deconstruction of the discourse of national identity and its nodal point، Mythologies such as unity in diversity، cosmopolitan Europe and exceptionalism، as well as antagonism In order to reduce internal conflicts among European countries.